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13 |
Construction |
<housing> | Description of material, pressure compensation, labelling and dimensions and weights of the part type. |
<optical-design> | Description of shapes and colours of the part type |
<ergonomic> | Requirements for ergonomics. |
<mounting> | Description of the mounting requirements |
<recycling> | For detailed description see Recycling. |
Additional specifications (<add-spec>) |
13.1 |
Recycling |
13.1.1 | General |
In the phase of product planning and product development, highest efficiency in reduction of environmental pollution is obtained. It is an ecological and economical necessity to save resources during production, not to environmentally stress the utilization phase nor the disposal by hazardous material, as well as to facilitate the utilization/disposal by easy dismantling, thus minimizing disposal costs.
The concept of <recycling> implies, according to VDI 2243 re-utilization as well as reprocessing and exploitation.
13.1.2 | Concept |
Concepts for recycling and disposal are described.
Manuals of automobile manufacturers contain dismantling recommendations. It is also possible to document recommendations of part suppliers, considering the value added of metals or components. In appropriate instances, information regarding the dismantling of specific components containing hazardous materials must be given.
Furthermore, short information about reprocessing techniques (shredder, dump, energetic utilization) can be given.
Figure 108: Structure of recycling concepts
13.1.3 | Design meeting requirements of dismantling |
Base: [Standard: VDI 2243 / Relevant Position: -],[Standard: Checklist VDI 2232 / Relevant Position: -],[Standard: DIN ISO 9001 / Relevant Position: -], various in-house and customer standards.
Design principles also have to consider the reprocessing and disposal techniques, which are becoming more and more complex due to legal regulations (Information, for example, with the help of the representatives for environmental protection).
An easy dismantling out of the vehicle and the re-utilization and further utilization of components/component groups, as well as an easy separation into the single parts have to be aspired. If reprocessing is possible and if there is a market for reprocessed products, components/component groups must be removable without being damaged. Accessibility for dismantling tools should be provided; dismantling should be possible with standard tools. The obtention of pure material fractions for reprocessing can be attained by simple dismantling, or by processing techniques, into pure recyclable material fractions. If possible, components/components groups have to be included in recycling circuits already installed.
Regarding connecting techniques the following factors have to be taken into account: Reduction of the number of connection points, utilization of detachable mechanical connections in the form of snap-in or screwed connections, preference of riveted or welded connections instead of glued connections, standardized screw heads (e.g. hexagon, slotted or cross recess types), location of unavoidable signs on a basic part which is as small as possible, utilization of standardized connecting techniques and tools.
Concerning the dismantling techniques, the following has to be observed: All maintenance and mounting criteria can be applied as well; predetermined breaking and separation points should be easily recognizable and accessible for the respective tools. Within the scope of dismantling techniques, the dismantling manual is also documented.
Figure 109: Structure of disassembling
13.1.4 | Material selection |
After its service life, the component should not cause high disposal costs; the used materials should render a high value addes for re-utilization.
On principle, a low number of components by limitation (of the quantity) of car types (offer of models) has to be aimed at, in order to increase re-utilization and reprocessing of components. Cases for control devices should possibly consist of one material only.
Especially, for plastic materials, the possibilities of type separation are limited. Material compatibilities and the use of duroplastics have to be checked because of bad recyclability. Plastic materials containing halogens as flame protection agents should not be used.
Surface aspects have to be documented within <material-selection>, too. In case of surfaces, it has to be considered that composite materials should not be used, and that material recycling is made much more difficult or even impossible when materials are refined or painted. Furthermore, surfaces containing cadmium are forbidden.
In the section <labelling> the designation of materials can be characterized by referencing to respective standards (e.g. plastic materials according to [Standard: DIN 54840 / Relevant Position: all], [Standard: VDA 260 / Relevant Position: all] and metals according to DIN ISO).
In the section <fogging> limiting values and standard values are documented.
In the section <part-material-list> a listing of the manufacturer concerning the material composition (physical) of the component can be documented. A pattern for a corresponding table can be gathered from [External Document: Pinnacles Component Information Standard Draft Version 1.0 March 1994 / Relevant Position: ]. The listing serves, among other things, for the determination of useful ways of reprocessing considering economical features, the design which meets requirements of recycling (minimization of dismantling and separation time, suitability for automatic dismantling) and for the reduction of the diversity of materials (e.g. standardization of case materials).
In the section <chemical-elements-list> a listing of the manufacturer concerning the chemical composition of the component produced by him can be documented. A pattern for a corresponding table can be gathered from Pinnacles Component Information Standard Draft Version 1.0 March 1994. The materials, which are significant due to their characteristics in the dump as well as within thermal reprocessing/disposal techniques (partially regulated by legal regulations) are registered. This listing supports the decision if the component is to be dismantled, especially when an option for limiting values for contaminants is considered: The component has to be dismantled or can remain in its location, if there are not any other aspects in favour of dismantling. It has to be the objective to reduce the addition of hazardous materials into the shredding of light waste (SLW) by previous dismantling. After dismantling of the components, a reprocessing/disposal has to be managed using the existing infrastructure for electronic scrap. The existing information are the base, among other things, for substitute material strategies, for dismantling recommendations for reprocessing industry and for answering questions directed to automobile manufacturers concerning problematic and hazardous materials in automobiles.
In the section <problem-material-list> prohibition lists and avoidance lists (ingredient materials, processed materials, regulations concerning the prohibition of chemicals, customer specifications ) as well as preference lists can be documented. Ingredient materials can be evaluated using prohibition and avoidance lists.
Figure 110: Structure of material selection
13.1.5 | Product packaging |
The recycling and the disposal of product packagings are described. Legal regulations concerning packaging and, if existing, customer specifications have to be considered.
Note: Product packaging has to be described in the MSRSYS DTD under <general-product-data-1> as an additonal specification(<add-spec>).
Figure 111: Structure of product packaging
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